During the past 60 years, aquatic macrophyte species have been discovered with increasing frequency in geographic regions where they had not previously been found, apparently due to greater dispersal resulting from human activities and better documentation of plant distribution. Intercontinental invasions have generally been well documented. However, the spread of exotic or native species across continents has received little attention. Given this introductory information, the aim of the workshop was to identify examples of invasions or natural declines of aquatic macrophyte species throughout the world and assess the importance of environmental factors in their control. While chance was acknowledged as an important factor determining species invasions, factors determining successful establishment following invasion were recognized to vary with the spatial scale of consideration (e.g., continent vs. lake district). Few natural declines of aquatic macrophytes have been studied quantitatively, although personal accounts suggest that these declines may be common. Presently, there is limited evidence of biotic controls of declines due to a lack of “before and after” data. In contrast, abiotic factors have been documented as causing declines in aquatic macrophyte communities. Management practices can potentially influence both invasions and declines.