The degree of social alienation among soldiers and the deterioration of unit identity in U.S. Army units were strongly evident and alarmingly widespread toward the end of the Vietnam War and during the transitional period afterward. The outcome of the Vietnam War underscored, in part, the integral relationship between small-group relations and the combat soldier's motivation. Psychology, however, has given slight recognition to the social characteristics of small groups in military units and to the sustaining function of these characteristics for combat soldiers. The purpose of this study was to clarify the operational and conceptual definitions of military unit cohesion by developing measures of small-unit cohesion. Soldiers (N = 8,869) in 93 companies provided ratings to questionnaire items that underwent factor and reliability analyses. Results showed that small-unit cohesion in U.S. Army units can be represented by four general dimensions: (a) the quality of instrumental and affective relationships among junior enlisted soldiers, (b) the quality of relationships between junior enlisted soldiers and their leaders, (c) soldier internalization of Army values, and (d) soldier confidence in weaponry and leaders. Scales representing these four dimensions of cohesion showed a high degree of internal consistency and a moderate degree of concurrent and predictive validity. The scales bore expected, positive relationships with a more traditional measure of group cohesion—that is, willingness to stay in the unit. Scales also had expected, positive relationships with individual soldier morale and with satisfaction with the Army. In addition, soldiers in units in which personnel had undergone common Basic and Advanced Individual Training or had their personnel stabilized (Unit Replacement units) scored higher on the newly developed scales than did soldiers in units that had no common introductory training and whose personnel had not been stabilized (Individual...
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