Changes in Biological Control Usage in Great Britain Between 1968 and 1995 with Particular Reference to Biological Control on Tomato Crops
Titel:
Changes in Biological Control Usage in Great Britain Between 1968 and 1995 with Particular Reference to Biological Control on Tomato Crops
Auteur:
Garthwaite, D.
Verschenen in:
Biocontrol science and technology
Paginering:
Jaargang 10 (2000) nr. 4 pagina's 451-457
Jaar:
2000-08-01
Inhoud:
This paper outlines the overall changes in the use of both conventional pesticides and biological control agents on all crops in Great Britain since 1968 and looks at usage within the tomato crop in particular. The total pesticide treated area, including repeat applications to the same crop, increased from 14 million ha in 1976 to 17 million ha in 1981 and almost doubled to over 28 million ha in 1985. In 1998, the total pesticide treated area stood at 46 million ha. Usage of insecticides followed the same pattern as that of total pesticides with increases in the use of pyrethroids and decreases in organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamates. Use of biological control agents increased from just 17 ha in 1968 to approximately 30 000 ha in 1999. Usage of biological control agents in 1995 constituted less than one percent of the total pesticide treated area. Up until 1981, only two biological control agents, Encarsia formosa and Phytoseiulus persimilis , were recorded. However, in 1995 the total number of parasites, predators and other biological control agents recorded was 23. Although both the area of tomatoes grown in Great Britain and the use of insecticides on tomatoes has significantly declined since 1968, the area treated with biological control agents continued to increase over the same period. In 1995, the biological control agent-treated area exceeded 10 000 ha and accounted for over 70% of the area of tomatoes treated.
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