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| Titel: |
Smoke Emission Factors from Medium-Scale Fires: Part 1 |
| Auteur: |
Brown, Nancy J. Dod, R. L. Mowrer, Frederick W. Novakov, T. Williamson, Robert B. |
| Verschenen in: |
Aerosol science and technology |
| Paginering: | Jaargang 10 (1989) nr. 1 pagina's 2-19 |
| Jaar: |
1989 |
| Inhoud: |
The concept of “nuclear winter” has been postulated with a number of assumptions regarding the smoke produced by post-nuclear-exchange fires. Whether nuclear winter would occur in the aftermath of a nuclear exchange depends largely on the quantity and character of smoke generated, its distribution in the atmosphere, and its optical characteristics. Since most of the current information is derived from small-scale experiments with little or no correlating data for larger scales on the order of actual buildings, a series of 11 medium-scale experiments with representative urban fuels, such as wood and asphalt roofing shingles, have been conducted. The effects of different combustion conditions resulting from differences in fuel composition, geometry, and ventilation have been investigated. The present state of knowledge regarding smoke production from building fires is briefly reviewed and placed into the nuclear winter framework. Plywood sheets were burned in a parallel plate configuration, a geometry in which fuel specimens create their own environment independent of the larger surroundings. Wood cribs were burned in fully and underventilated conditions. Asphalt roofing shingles were burned under conditions representing the burning of a roof with the impingement of an external flame. The conduct of the experiments is described where mass loss of fuel during burning, the rate of heat release by oxygen depletion calorimetry, and the effective heat of combustion were determined as a function of time. The mass of smoke and the particle size distribution in each experiment were determined by sampling the aerosol particulate in the exhaust duct which captured all the effluent from the burning material. Reproducibility of the combustion parameters measured during the experiments is good, and where possible, they compare favorably with values in the literature. The influence of the combustion conditions on soot loading and character is discussed. The implications of the measurements are discussed in the context of nuclear winter to relate the results of medium-scale fire experiments to characteristics of fires after nuclear blasts. The measurement of the smoke particulate and its characterization are described in an accompanying paper. |
| Uitgever: |
Taylor & Francis |
| Bronbestand: |
Elektronische Wetenschappelijke Tijdschriften |
Details van artikel 22 van 23 gevonden artikelen
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