|
| << vorige | volgende >> |
Tijdschrift beschrijving
Alle jaargangen van het bijbehorende tijdschrift
Alle afleveringen van het bijbehorende jaargang
Alle artikelen van de bijbehorende aflevering
Details van artikel 9 van 23 gevonden artikelen
| Titel: |
Immunotoxicology of Inhaled Compounds—Assessing Risks of Local Immune Suppression and Hypersensitivity |
| Auteur: |
Selgrade, MaryJane K. Gilmour, M. Ian |
| Verschenen in: |
Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A |
| Paginering: | Jaargang 69 (2006) nr. 9 pagina's 827-844 |
| Jaar: |
2006-05-01 |
| Inhoud: |
Immunotoxic risks associated with inhaled chemicals include (1) suppression of local defenses resulting in increased risk of pulmonary infection and (2) sensitization of the immune system resulting in respiratory hypersensitivity, including allergic asthma. Under laboratory conditions, environmentally relevant levels of many air pollutants enhance susceptibility to bacterial pneumonia in mice. Because these compounds do not necessarily affect systemic immune responses, conventional testing for immune suppression does not adequately predict this risk. The underlying mechanism is suppression of alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytic activity that ordinarily clears these organisms from the lung. Hence, the most practical way to test for this risk is to assess AM function in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Methods for assessing chemicals for the potential to cause allergic asthma are not as clear-cut. Low-molecular-weight chemicals are not physically large enough to initiate an immune response on their own; to produce sensitization they must be reactive enough to complex with protein. Structure-activity approaches and testing in vitro for reactivity with protein have been proposed for use in hazard identification. Diisocyanates and acid anhydrides are structures associated with occupational asthma. These types of chemical allergen appear to be a subset of chemicals that test positive in contact sensitivity assays, such as the local lymph node assay (LLNA). It has been proposed that “asthmagens” can be further distinguished from other types of sensitizers by the potential to induce T helper 2-mediated responses. Several approaches have been proposed but none have been widely accepted. |
| Uitgever: |
Taylor & Francis |
| Bronbestand: |
Elektronische Wetenschappelijke Tijdschriften |
Details van artikel 9 van 23 gevonden artikelen
| << vorige | volgende >> |